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166 lessons As a consequence, States ranging from Canada to China have aggressively used straight baselines in ways that are not accepted by the U.S. States are not able to arbitrarily draw straight baselines in order to extend their maritime claims. Rising sea levels could effectively downgrade the status of some islands to that of rocks or low-tide elevations that would deny their owners an EEZ. See below for information on artificial islands, which are treated differently than naturally occurring islands. The convention produced a set of international laws that seeks to maintain international order and the enforcement of rules at sea. Territory - National Geographic Society It has also been criticized for its deterministic and Eurocentric approach, which fails to account for the complexity and diversity of world politics. This is the primary distinction between internal waters and territorial seas. UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea). 14 LOSC, Article 7. AP Human Geography Unit 4. High seas - The open waters of an ocean or a sea beyond the limits of the territorial jurisdiction of a country. TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE 23 SECTION 1. The theory has been heavily criticized for its naturalistic and deterministic approach, which fails to account for the complex and fluid nature of international relations. Extradition Overview, Laws & Examples | What is Extradition? Even though these island chains are essentially uninhabited, many believe that there are important natural resources around them, hence the competing claims. Boundary disputes can be difficult to resolve, as they often involve complex legal, historical, and cultural issues. According to Ratzel, a nation's territory is like an organism that must grow and expand in order to survive and thrive. Territoriality, on the other hand, refers to the control or ownership of a defined area of land or water. China has tried to claim uninhabited islands, some human-made islands, to expand their ocean claim, hoping their exclusive economic zone would be larger by having more land. A low-tide elevation is a landmass that is completely submerged during high tide but above water at low tide. The current version of UNCLOS was completed in 1982 and went into effect in 1994. It consists of the Jutland Peninsula and several islands in the Baltic Sea, referred to as the Danish Archipelago. She or he will best know the preferred format. . Here are some bullet points that summarize key elements of the Organic Theory: Halford Mackinder (1861-1947) was a British geographer and political scientist who is best known for his contributions to the development of the discipline of geopolitics and for his theory of the "Heartland," which proposes that the control of the interior of the Eurasian landmass is the key to global dominance. succeed. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Terms for Creating and Maintaining Sites, Chapter 1: International Law, Adoption of the Law of the Sea Convention, Chapter 6: Maritime Security, Convention on the Law of the Sea, Chapter 9: LOSC Dispute Resolution Provisions, Chapter Ten: The South China Sea Tribunal. Spykman's theory has been influential in shaping the foreign policies of various countries and has been used to justify naval expansion and military intervention in the rimland region. A perforated state is a state that __________. Another challenge centers on the definition of islands. As a result, the establishment and management of boundaries can be a complex and sensitive issue in many contexts. Mackinder's theory has been influential in shaping the foreign policies of various countries and has been used to justify territorial expansion and military intervention in the heartland region. This would have allowed Libya a much larger area to restrict navigation and overflight. That's why the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was adopted in the late 20th century. Privacy | *DIAGRAM!! If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact [email protected] for more information and to obtain a license. . At the same time, the control of territory can be used as a means of exercising political power, as the ability to regulate and control the use of a particular piece of land or water can give a group or individual a great deal of influence over those who depend on it. Topics Page Ch. Since the ratification of the LOSC, there has been limited activity in relation to these provisions.13. Reefs are formations of coral, roughly shaped like mountains, which run just below the surface of the water. The concept of an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) was adopted through the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Examples include the U.S. annexation of Texas in 1845, and Germanys annexation of Austria in 1938. States with river mouths are permitted to draw a straight baseline between the low-water lines on each bank.17. The classic example of a prorupted state is Thailand. The Rimland Theory suggests that the dominant power in the rimland will be able to project its influence over the rest of the world, including the "heartland" (the interior of the Eurasian landmass) and the "outer crescent" (the Americas and Australia). Power and Influence of Interest Groups in the European Union, Evolution of the Contemporary Political Map, The Role of Non-State Entities & International Organizations in World Conflicts. The Law of the Sea means each coastal nation has territorial sovereignty over 12 miles of water off their coast and maintains exclusive economic rights over 200 miles of water off their coast. The UNCLOS also establishes the right of states to engage in activities such as scientific research, freedom of navigation, and the laying of submarine cables and pipelines on the high seas. Ratzel was born in Karlsruhe, Germany, and studied natural sciences, history, and philosophy at the University of Munich. territorial sea noun : the part of territorial waters subject to the jurisdiction of a coastal state usually extending from mean low water mark on the shore or from the seaward limit of a bay or mouth of a river a marine league or 3 geographical miles outward to the open sea compare inland water Love words? The Heartland Theory suggests that the dominant power in the heartland will be able to project its influence over the rest of the world, including the surrounding "world islands" (Africa, Australia, and the Americas) and the "outer crescent" (the coastal regions of Europe and Asia). Sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring, exploiting, conserving, and managing natural resources of the seabed, subsoil, and waters above it. Chain Migration Overview & Examples | What is Chain Migration? With the goal of sovereignty over these islands, these nations are competing to gain many miles of territory and exclusive economic zone. Copy and Edit. The first method is by measuring geological features using what is called the Gardiner formula. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. States can conduct activities in the Area so long as they are for peaceful purposes, such as transit, marine science, and undersea exploration. An antecedent boundary may come to be more relevant in the future if people begin to settle in the area; this is what happened with the boundary between the United States and Canada in Oregon. These disputes can arise over islands, border regions, or other areas that are perceived to have strategic or economic value. A prorupted state is a state that has a primary body of territory that comprises most of the state, but that also has a long extension that can dramatically increase the territorial power and significance of the country. Admiralty Law is in effect "High Seas" or international waters: This issue is most prevalent in the South China Sea, which is rich in resources and contains many maritime features that may or may not be islands entitled to large EEZs. The LOSC states that the Area is considered the common heritage of all mankind12 and is beyond any national jurisdiction. Coastal states also have sovereign rights to what's known as an exclusive economic zone, a 200-nautical-mile area extending from their coastline that allows these states special rights and privileges over other nations to natural resources, research, and environmental protection. Article 1 of the 1933 Montevideo Convention states that a state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: a) a permanent population; b) a defined territory; c) a government; and d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states.Article 11 of the Montevideo Convention further provides that states are not to recognize territorial acquisitions that have been obtained by force. The United States government occupies the South Pacific island. Which of these descriptions most accurately describes an exclave? 5030 of March 10, 1983). Its easy to draw lines on a map and mark territory, but these lines are oftentimes not as well defined in real life. Mackinder is known for his work on the concept of the "Heartland," which he developed in his paper "The Geographical Pivot of History" (1904). The Heartland Theory has been criticized for its deterministic and Eurocentric approach, which fails to account for the complexity and diversity of world politics. / 56.000N 10.000E / 56.000; 10.000. What Is An Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)? - WorldAtlas Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends no more than 200 nautical miles from the territorial sea baseline and is adjacent to the 12 nautical mile territorial sea of the U.S., including the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and any other territory or The LOSC specifically defines the various maritime zones and features. PDF Law of the Sea - SharpSchool There are some theories that aim to explain this. She also has experience educating the public through various programs via outreach with presentations, festivals, and set courses. LOSC, Article 136. AP Human Geography is an introductory college-level human geography course. Cultural Hearth Overview & Examples | What is a Cultural Hearth? Territorial Sea = 12 miles of sovereignty away from coast Voting Boundaries in the US Districts set up based on population data from the census But lots has been done to mess with these boundaries in order to benefit different political parties gerrymandering = changing voting boundaries based on race, voting patterns, class, etc AP Human Geography || Chapter 8 Flashcards | Quizlet If the entrance is equal to or less than 24 miles wide at low-tide, then a State may draw a straight baseline across the entrance, effectively making the entire bay internal waters. Chapter 3: Freedom of Navigation - Law of the Sea - Tufts University The economic rights within the continental shelf extend only to non-living resources and sedentary living resources, such as shellfish. Irredentism is often fueled by a sense of national identity or by a belief that the territory in question should be reunited with the country in order to be "complete" or "whole.". According to international law, these have included occupation, prescription, accretion, cession, and, possibly, annexation.Occupation occurs when control is acquired over an otherwise uncontrolled territory by a foreign state. The United Nations created the law of the sea to avoid conflict over the ocean by establishing laws that cover traditions and treaties. Moreover, the territory of a state is unbreakable and may not be the object of military occupation or other measure of force. 0. Spykman is considered one of the founders of the discipline of geopolitics and is known for his work on the concept of the "Rimland," which he developed in his book "The Geography of the Peace" (1944). What is Contempt of Court? AP Human Geography Unit 4 | Geography - Quizizz Territoriality is the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land. Which of these is an example of an exclave? Territorial Sea a belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nautical miles from the baseline of a coastal state Terrorism the calculated use of violence (or the threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature; this is done through intimidation or coercion or instilling fear The continental shelf is a natural seaward extension of a land boundary. . According to Ratzel, a nation's territory is like an organism that must grow and expand in order to survive and thrive, and he argued that nations must continuously seek to expand their territory in order to secure the resources and living space they need to prosper. Territorial Waters. June 01, 2013. According to Halford Mackinders Heartland Theory, a government that controls this region is likely to eventually dominate much of the world. According to the Heartland Theory, a government that controls Central Eurasia (much of Russia, some of Eastern Europe, and the Middle East) is likely to eventually dominate much of the world. Edit. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. There is an incentive for States to obtain island status for their deep ocean features. A state's territorial sea, where it is sovereign, extends 19 kilometers (12 miles) into the sea. Download image (jpg, 146 KB). 9th - 12th grade . A boundary is a line or border that marks the limits or edges of an area or entity. The distance between Guam and the nearest U.S. state, Hawai'i, is more than 6,000 kilometers (3,728.23 miles). A dispute is a disagreement or difference of opinion between two or more parties. Chapter 2: Maritime Zones - Law of the Sea - Tufts University According to Mackinder, the "heartland," which includes areas such as Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia, is the pivot point of world politics because it is the largest contiguous landmass on earth and contains the majority of the world's population and resources. As technology progressed after the 19th century, nations realized that they not only had to protect their local fish stocks but other resources, such as offshore oil fields. Irredentism is distinct from expansionism, which is a policy or ideology of territorial expansion, and from imperialism, which is the policy or practice of extending a country's power and influence over other countries or territories. Boundary disputes between states or provinces: Boundary disputes can also occur within countries, between states or provinces that have overlapping or conflicting claims to territory. What is the "EEZ"? - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration The LOSC allows a State to conduct economic activities for a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baseline, or the continental margin where it extends beyond 200 nautical miles. This hasn't stopped conflict from occurring, however, as most recently exemplified by the land and water claims in the South China Sea by China, Vietnam, and other nations. However, it isn't practical in today's world as it would allow many nations around the world to exploit each other's' vital resources and deposit waste not far off another nations' coast.