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Zuntz, Gnther. This tradition comes from her conflation with the very old chthonic divinity Despoina ("[the] mistress"), whose real name could not be revealed to anyone except those initiated into her mysteries. Odysseus sacrifices a ram to the chthonic goddess Persephone and the ghosts of the dead who drink the blood of the sacrificed animal. [85], When Echemeia, a queen of Kos, ceased to offer worship to Artemis, the goddess shot her with an arrow. Eventually, Zeus determined that Adonis would spend part of the year with Aphrodite and part of the year with Persephone.[26]. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961. In some Sicilian cities[45] and in the Locrian colony of Hipponion,[46] there were festivals celebrating Persephones wedding. Persephone was usually regarded as the only child born to Zeus and Demeter, but both gods had children with other consorts. [130] Many pinakes found in the cult are near Epizephyrian Locri depict the abduction of Persephone by Hades, and others show her enthroned next to her beardless, youthful husband, indicating that in Locri Persephone's abduction was taken as a model of transition from girlhood to marriage for young women; a terrifying change, but one that provides the bride with status and position in society. In favour of this argument is that in Greece's climate seeds are sown in the autumn and quickly germinate to grow throughout the winter time. Hades, the son of Cronos, was the brother of Zeus (king of the gods in Greek myth) and Poseidon (god of the sea). There were several alternate forms of the name Persephone itself, including Persophatta or Persephatta (which may have been the original form of the name), Persephonei (the Homeric form), Pherrephatta, and Phersephon. Persephone: Goddess of Spring and Queen of the Underworld - TheCollector Several scenes from Persephones mythologyespecially her abduction by Hadeswere popular among ancient artists. In Eleusis there is evidence of sacred laws and other inscriptions.[90]. Hades found himself madly in love with her. She may appear as a mystical divinity with a sceptre and a little box, but she was mostly represented in the process of being carried off by Hades. [117], The Romans first heard of her from the Aeolian and Dorian cities of Magna Graecia, who used the dialectal variant Proserpin (). Early . In her iconography, Persephone was represented as a young woman, modestly clad in a robe and wearing either a diadem or a cylindrical crown called a polos on her head. [20] In Orphic tradition, Persephone is said to be the daughter of Zeus and his mother Rhea, rather than of Demeter. Edmonds, Radcliffe G., III (2011) "Orphic Mythology," [in], Nilsson, pp. Zeus, pressed by the cries of the hungry people and by the other deities who also heard their anguish, forced Hades to return Persephone.[40]. [j] In the Anthesteria Dionysos is the "divine child". [9][b] Persephon (Greek: ) is her name in the Ionic Greek of epic literature. The Rites of Eleusis, or the Eleusinian Mysteries, were the secret Greek Mythology: Gods and Heroes - Iliad - Odyssey, Persephone's Pathway: Wisdom, Magick & Growth, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [71] Of them Aelian wrote that Adonis' life was divided between two goddesses, one who loved him beneath the earth, and one above,[72] while the satirical author Lucian of Samosata has Aphrodite complain to the moon goddess Selene that Eros made Persephone fall in love with her own beloved, and now she has to share Adonis with her. A Visual Who's Who of Greek Mythology. Afterwards, Demeter gave birth to the talking horse Arion and the goddess Despoina ("the mistress"), a goddess of the Arcadian mysteries. According to several strands of Orphism, Persephone was the daughter of Zeus and his mother, the Titan Rhea (rather than Demeter). Gntner, Gudrum. Persephone was the daughter to Zeus and Demeter, both of whom are Olympian gods . [22] The first, "Orphic" Dionysus is sometimes referred to with the alternate name Zagreus (Greek: ). [97] The beliefs of these cults were closely-guarded secrets, kept hidden because they were believed to offer believers a better place in the afterlife than in miserable Hades. Before Persephone was abducted by Hades, the shepherd Eumolpus and the swineherd Eubuleus saw a girl in a black chariot driven by an invisible driver being carried off into the earth which had violently opened up. Zeus also turned himself into a serpent and raped Rhea, which resulted in the birth of Persephone. She was her mother's greatest . Vulci, c. 440-430 BCE. There were, however, a handful of myths that challenged this persona. The Spring Witch by George Wilson (ca. [99][100] The idea of immortality which appears in the syncretistic religions of the Near East did not exist in the Eleusinian mysteries at the very beginning. Rhea-Demeter prophecies that Persephone will marry Apollo. Evidence from both the Orphic Hymns and the Orphic Gold Leaves demonstrate that Persephone was one of the most important deities worshiped in Orphism. In Greek mythology, the goddess, as wife of Hades, is the Queen of the Underworld and takes her other name, Persephone. Her name has numerous historical variants. Persephone and Demeter were intimately connected with the Thesmophoria, a widely-spread Greek festival of secret women-only rituals. In return, she nursed their sick child, known as Demophon in most versions of the myth,[19] and tried to make him immortal. London: Penguin, 1955. This would indicate that Persephones name means something like female corn thresher.[2]. Please donate to our server cost fundraiser 2023, so that we can produce more history articles, videos and translations. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Greek Gods / Persephone. This Macaria is asserted to be the daughter of Hades, but no mother is mentioned. She is unsuccessful, and Persephone ends up giving birth to one of the early Dionysuses. In some accounts, Zeus had given his consent to the abduction, the location of the crime being traditionally placed in either Sicily (famed for its fertility) or Asia. The earliest mentions of this name in literature describe him as a partner of Gaia and call him the highest god. She was a dual deity, since, in addition to presiding over the dead with intriguing autonomy, as the daughter of Demeter, she was also a goddess of fertility. 407 Persephone Greek Goddess Premium High Res Photos The Gods of the Greeks. 118119; West (1983) pp. Were building the worlds most authoritative, online mythology resource, with engaging, accessible content that is both educational and compelling to read. The fact that Persephone was married did not prevent her from being imagined as a virginal maiden. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. However, according to Ovid, Fasti 4.510ff, the child was Triptolemus. It was here, disguised as an old woman, that the goddess cared for Demophon (or Triptolemos, who would later give the gift of grain to humanity and teach farming), the only son of Metaneira, the wife of Keleos, king of Eleusis. [61] Afterwards, Rhea became Demeter. [126] While the return of Persephone to the world above was crucial in Panhellenic tradition, in southern Italy Persephone apparently accepted her new role as queen of the underworld, of which she held extreme power, and perhaps did not return above;[127] Virgil for example in Georgics writes that "Proserpina cares not to follow her mother",[128]though it is to be noted that references to Proserpina serve as a warning, since the earth is only fertile when she is above. The existence of so many different forms shows how difficult it was for the Greeks to pronounce the word in their own language and suggests that the name may have a Pre-Greek origin. Persephone is most commonly known today by her Greek name meaning " Destroy-Slay," but she was also known by many other monikers and titles throughout Greek and Roman mythologies. Persephone | Relationships & Story | Britannica She is married to Hades who is also her uncle. They are the two Great Goddesses of the Arcadian cults, and evidently they come from a more primitive religion. (2023, March 9). Exclusive to women, it was held annually before the sowing period when sacrifices were made and putrefied pig's remains were mixed with the seeds. Persephone: Greek Goddess Of The Coming Spring And Lady Of The Land Of [137] In Orphic myth, the Eumenides are attributed as daughters of Persephone and Zeus. Homeric Hymn 2.58ff; cf. Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.35.5ff; Aelian, On the Nature of Animals 11.4. Persephone, Queen of the Underworld - Greek Myths | Greeka Persephone has continued to captivate the modern imagination as the virginal yet terrifying queen of the Underworld. Nestis means "the Fasting One" in ancient Greek.[31]. Help us and translate this definition into another language! [49] A festival called the Koreia appears to have also been celebrated in Arcadia[50] and Syracuse[51] (though the Syracusean Koreia was likely simply the equivalent of the Thesmophoria). Dance floors have been discovered in addition to "vaulted tombs", and it seems that the dance was ecstatic. The Cult of Demeter and the Maiden is found at Attica, in the main festivals Thesmophoria and Eleusinian mysteries and in a number of local cults. Books Eventually, Demeters wanderings brought her to Eleusis, a town in the region of Attica, just northwest of Athens. [48], The 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia Suda introduces a goddess of a blessed afterlife assured to Orphic mystery initiates. Accompanied by the classic, sensual paintings of Fredric Lord Leighton and William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Santo portrays Persephone not as a victim but as a woman in quest of sexual depth and power, transcending the role of daughter, though ultimately returning to it as an awakened Queen. Fossum, "The Myth of the Eternal Rebirth," p. 309. a goddess being abducted and taken to the underworld, "Nestis Meaning in Bible - New Testament Greek Lexicon (KJV)", "The Rape of Persephone: A Greek Scenario of Women's Initiation", "Hades' Newest Bride: A Remarkable Epitaph", "Life, Death, and a Lokrian Goddess. Hades and Persephone are, in a sense, emblematic of the relationship between the yin and the yang. Archaeological finds suggest that worship of Demeter and Persephone was widespread in Sicily and Greek Italy. [154], This article is about the Greek goddess. Thank you! [88], Socrates in Plato's Cratylus previously mentions that Hades consorts with Persephone due to her wisdom. [59], In the Orphic "Rhapsodic Theogony" (first century BC/AD),[60] Persephone is described as the daughter of Zeus and Rhea. There is evidence that some practices were derived from the religious practices of the Mycenaean age. In most Greek sources, such as Homeric Hymn 2, Persephone spent only one-third of the year with Hades and two-thirds with her mother. In other versions of the myth, Persephone could have been released if she had not eaten anything in the underworld during her captivity, but at the last moment, Hades gave her a pomegranate seed. This also explains why Persephone is associated with Spring: her re-emergence from the underworld signifies the onset of Spring. This aspect of the myth is an etiology for the relation of pigs with the ancient rites in Thesmophoria,[45] and in Eleusis. [24], At least one person tried to take advantage of Persephones amenable nature. But Zeus transformed into a snake again and had sex with Persephone, whereupon she conceived the god often called Zagreus or Dionysus Zagreus.[28]. The identity of the two divinities addressed as wanassoi, is uncertain". The Fitzwilliam Museum - The Story of Demeter and Persephone Featured in a variety of novels such as Persephone [152] by Kaitlin Bevis, A Touch of Darkness by Scarlett St. Clair, Persephone's Orchard[153] by Molly Ringle, The Goddess Test by Aimee Carter, The Goddess Letters by Carol Orlock, Abandon by Meg Cabot, 'Neon Gods' by Katee Robert and Lore Olympus by Rachel Smythe, her story has also been treated by Suzanne Banay Santo in Persephone Under the Earth in the light of women's spirituality. Persephone was the daughter of Demeter and Zeus. old engraved illustration of pluto carrying off proserpina (proserpine). These festivals were almost always celebrated at the autumn sowing, and at full-moon according to the Greek tradition. https://www.theoi.com/Khthonios/Persephone.html. License. [119] In 205BC, Rome officially identified Proserpina with the local Italic goddess Libera, who, along with Liber, were closely associated with the Roman grain goddess Ceres (considered equivalent to the Greek Demeter). Persephone in popular culture - Wikipedia In some versions, Ascalaphus informed the other deities that Persephone had eaten the pomegranate seeds. Mylonas, George E. Eleusis and the Eleusinian Mysteries. [35] The Greek god Poseidon probably substituted for the companion (Paredros, ) of the Minoan Great goddess[58] Finally, as a compromise, it was decided that Persephone would be released but that she would have to return to Hades for one-third of the year (or in other accounts one-half). Persephone & Hermes - Ancient Greek Vase Painting Alcaeus, frag. Persephon). Graves, Robert. Persephone, like her mum, loved nature. Upon discovering that Hades had Persephoneand that Zeus himself had helped him kidnap herDemeter was justifiably furious: But grief yet more terrible and savage came into the heart of Demeter, and thereafter she was so angered with the dark-clouded Son of Cronos that she avoided the gathering of the gods and high Olympus, and went to the towns and rich fields of men, disfiguring her form a long while.[18]. World History Encyclopedia. [108] Besides these similarities, Burkert explains that up to now it is not known to what extent one can and must differentiate between Minoan and Mycenean religion. Pausanias, Description of Greece 8.37.9. Diodorus of Sicily, Library of History 5.2.3. Persephone was known for her beauty and . [c], In mythology and literature she is often called dread(ed) Persephone, and queen of the underworld, within which tradition it was forbidden to speak her name. Homeric Hymns: The second Homeric Hymn (seventh/sixth century BCE)one of the longest and most important of the hymnsis dedicated to Demeter and tells the story of the abduction of Persephone. Pearl Lang and her dance company performing "Persephone" in 1963. With your support millions of people learn about history entirely for free, every month. Persephone | Riordan Wiki | Fandom In the beginning of the autumn, when the grain of the old crop is laid on the fields, she ascends and is reunited with her mother Demeter. Lament for Bion 12324; Virgil, Georgics 4.486ff. In the Arcadian mythos, while Demeter was looking for the kidnapped Persephone, she caught the eye of her younger brother Poseidon. The premise of the play is that the women gathered at the Thesmophoria are plotting against the tragedian Euripides. Persephone. Though this is the standard tradition, there were other versions in which it was the nymph Arethusa (Ovid, Metamorphoses 5.487ff) or the people of Hermione (Apollodorus, Library 1.5.1) who gave Demeter the information she was looking for. Updates? Finally, the myth of Hades' abduction may also reference the Greek practice of girls marrying in their early teens, a loss to their mothers as Persephone was to Demeter. Kapach, Avi. [32] However, it is possible that some of them were the names of original goddesses: As a vegetation goddess, she was called:[33][35], Demeter and her daughter Persephone were usually called:[35][36], Persephone's abduction by Hades[f] is mentioned briefly in Hesiod's Theogony,[38] and is told in considerable detail in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter. Theognis, Elegiac Poems 1.70112; cf. The place where the ruins of the Sanctuary of Persephone were brought to light is located at the foot of the Mannella hill, near the walls (upstream side) of the polis of Epizephyrian Locri. [98] In Eleusis, in a ritual, one child ("pais") was initiated from the hearth. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. London: Thames and Hudson, 1951. This seems to have been how Persephone was honored at her temple in Epizephyrian Locris. 477480:"The Arcadian Great goddesses", The figures are unmistakable, as they are inscribed "Persophata, Hermes, Hekate, Demeter"; Gisela M. A. Richter, "An Athenian Vase with the Return of Persephone", Suidas s.v. [22], In another story, Theseus agreed to help Pirithous abduct Persephone from the Underworld, but they were caught and held prisoner. Persephone was characterized by several attributes and symbols, most notably torches, stalks of grain or ears of corn, and scepters. Cartwright, M. (2016, March 24). Persephone was born to Zeus, king of the gods, and Demeter, goddess of the harvest. 1880). The origins of her cult are uncertain, but it was based on ancient agrarian cults of agricultural communities. Persephone was an important element of the Eleusinian Mysteries and the Thesmophoria festival and so the goddess was worshipped throughout the Greek world. But when Persephone got a glimpse of the beautiful Adonisfinding him as attractive as Aphrodite didshe refused to give him back to her. In various other myths, Persephone is the mother of Dionysos (with Zeus, who is also her father) - although Semele is the more usual candidate - and squabbles with Aphrodite for the attentions of devilishly handsome Adonis, the two settling to share the famous lover in split shifts. Burkert, Walter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985. Jimnez San Cristbal, Ana Isabel. Hades and Persephone: Discover the Real Story (Updated 2022) Persephone In Greek Mythology - 447 Words | Internet Public Library [15] Later sources added that it was Aphrodite and Eros who caused Hades to fall in love with Persephone in the first place.[16]. 8, 95678. In Latin, her name is rendered Proserpina. The city of Epizephyrian Locris, in modern Calabria (southern Italy), was famous for its cult of Persephone, where she is a goddess of marriage and childbirth in this region. On the one hand, she was Persephone, wife of Hades and goddess of the Underworld, and thus a chthonic figure closely associated with the inevitability of death. A central figure in ancient mythology, Persephone has interactions with He asked Zeus for his daughter's hand in marriage. [100] The megaron of Eleusis is quite similar to the "megaron" of Despoina at Lycosura. "To what extent one can and must differentiate between Minoan and Mycenaean religion is a question which has not yet found a conclusive answer" . Persephone (aka Kore) was the Greek goddess of agriculture and vegetation, especially grain, and the wife of Hades, the ruler of the Underworld. Web. The most important festival of Persephone and Demeter, the Thesmophoria, was celebrated by married women throughout the ancient Greek world. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907. As a result of his affair with Demeter, Persephone was born. [40] At Megara, similarly, worshippers reenacted Persephones abduction by a sacred rock called Anaklthris, where Demeter was believed to have called back (anekalesen in Greek) Persephone when she passed by it during her search. Homeric Hymn 2.9094, trans. [47] When Demeter and her daughter were reunited, the Earth flourished with vegetation and color, but for some months each year, when Persephone returned to the underworld, the earth once again became a barren realm. Achilles The hero of the Trojan War, leader of the . H. G. Evelyn-White. Persephone was the daughter of the king of the Greek Gods Zeus and the goddess Demeter. [87] On a neck amphora from Athens Dionysus is depicted riding on a chariot with his mother, next to a myrtle-holding Persephone who stands with her own mother Demeter; many vases from Athens depict Dionysus in the company of Persephone and Demeter. The priests used special vessels and holy symbols, and the people participated with rhymes. This was the beginning of the celebrated sanctuary of Eleusis. However, Pausanias distinguishes this Despoina from the Persephone who was the daughter of Zeus and Demeter (writing that he dared not disclose this goddesss true name). Terracotta loutrophoros (ceremonial water jug) attributed to the Darius Painter (ca. Learn more about our mission. He went to go see his brother, Zeus, who (no surprise to those who know Greek mythology) happened to be Persephone's father, and asked for her hand in marriage. The Homeric form of her name is Persephoneia (,[11] Persephoneia). Persephone frequently appears in all forms of . Though dreaded, she did sometimes listen to and grant requests. Demeter turned into a mare to escape him, but then Poseidon turned into a stallion to pursue her. The story of Demeter, Hades and Persephone was perhaps symbolic of the changing seasons and the perennial change from life to death, to life once more, or in other words, the changes from the summer to winter months and the return of life in spring as seen in agriculture. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Persephone, often known simply as Kore (Maiden), was a daughter of Zeus and Demeter. Gantz, Timothy. True to her double nature, Persephone was imagined as having two homes: one on Olympus with her mother, Demeter, and the other in the Underworld with her husband, Hades. We want people all over the world to learn about history. Therefore, Persephone's time in Hades would not equate with winter in the agricultural season but, rather, with summer. One day she was walking in a beautiful meadow and gathering flowers to take . The most detailed account of her myth comes from the second Homeric Hymn, also known as the Homeric Hymn to Demeter. In the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, the story is told of how Persephone was gathering flowers in the Vale of Nysa when she was seized by Hades and removed to the underworld. According to Greek mythology, Persephone was the beautiful young daughter of Demeter, the goddess of grain. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Persephone, both individually and together with other gods, was also honored through festival and ritual at numerous other sites, including Mantinea, Argos, Patrae, Smyrna, and Acharaca. She also had a handful of epithets. Homeric Hymn 2.3, 2.77ff; cf. Zurich: Artemis, 1997. They were also involved in the Eleusinian mysteries, a festival celebrated at the autumn sowing in the city of Eleusis. [111] In the Mycenean Greek tablets dated 14001200 BC, the "two queens and the king" are mentioned. London: Methuen, 1962. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Martin Nilsson. Persephone frequently appears in all forms of Greek art and literature. Persephone. Mythopedia, 9 Mar. [96] A similar representation, where the goddess appears to come down from the sky, is depicted on the Minoan ring of Isopata. Rose, H. J. [43], Another festival, called the Chthonia, was celebrated annually at Hermione, a city in the Argolid. [125], For most Greeks, the marriage of Persephone was a marriage with death, and could not serve as a role for human marriage; the Locrians, not fearing death, painted her destiny in a uniquely positive light. Persephones Roman counterpart was called Proserpina or Proserpine. In some local cults the feasts were dedicated to Demeter. Wanax is best suited to Poseidon, the special divinity of Pylos. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. [134], In Orphism, Persephone is believed to be the mother of the first Dionysus. By many, she was also known as Kore (the Maiden), the Greek goddess of spring. [1] Article. Orphica frag. [65] This was when she was abducted by Hades according to Boeotian legend; a vase shows water birds accompany the goddesses Demeter and Hecate who are in search of the missing Persephone. Diodorus of Sicily, Library of History 4.26.1. There are also the forms Periphona () and Phersephassa (). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Persephone: The Reluctant Underworld Goddess - History Cooperative In this guise, she was seen as a protectress in the after-life, although Hesiod repeatedly describes her as 'dread Persephone' in his Theogony. [131], It was suggested that Persephone's cult at Locri was entirely independent from that of Demeter, who supposedly was not venerated there,[17] but a sanctuary of Demeter Thesmophoros has been found in a different region of Locri, ruling against the notion that she was completely excluded. Kapach, A. Demeter, distraught, wandered the entire world in search of her daughter. On either side of the vegetable person there is a dancing girl. In an earlier version, Hecate rescued Persephone. [73] In another variation, Persephone met Adonis only after he had been slain by a boar; Aphrodite descended into the Underworld to take him back, but Persephone, smitten with him, would not let him go until they came to an agreement that Adonis would alternate between the land of the living and the land of the dead each year. [80][81], Once, Hermes chased Persephone (or Hecate) with the aim to rape her; but the goddess snored or roared in anger, frightening him off so that he desisted, hence her earning the name "Brimo" ("angry"). [44] It was explained to Demeter, her mother, that she would be released, so long as she did not taste the food of the underworld, as that was an Ancient Greek example of a taboo. Persephone was often invoked on curse tablets under her Underworld title Despoina. The Kors Katagg (Descent of Kore), for example, commemorated Hades taking Persephone (Kore) down to the Underworld. The upper register of the body shows Zeus between Persephone and Aphrodite regarding Adonis. According to some accounts, she had a garden of ever blooming flowers (poppies) in the underworld. Proserpine, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 1821-1882, Tate Modern Art Gallery, London. Guthrie, W. K. G. The Greeks and Their Gods. "Persephone." Privacy Policy, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.4880, https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D15%3Aentry%3Dpersephone-bio-1, http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e914950, https://www.theoi.com/Khthonios/Persephone.html. The scenes are related to the myth and cult of Persephone and other deities. [21], Persephone also featured in the myths of a handful of heroes and mortals who descended to and returned from the Underworld. However, when Metaneira saw this, she raised an alarm. Demeter had a kind and beautiful daughter, called Persephone, who she loved very much. The Greek Myths. Persephone. Mythopedia, March 09, 2023. https://mythopedia.com/topics/persephone. [92] The locations of this probably mythical place may simply be conventions to show that a magically distant chthonic land of myth was intended in the remote past. In the cave of Amnisos at Crete, Eileithyia is related with the annual birth of the divine child and she is connected with Enesidaon (The earth shaker), who is the chthonic aspect of the god Poseidon. When Persephone was born, she had a monstrous form, with numerous eyes, an animals head, and horns. [13], The etymology of the word 'Persephone' is obscure. The Homeric Hymn to Demeter mentions the "plain of Nysa". However, Demeter had an obsessed love for her only . Hades and Persephone - Greek Myth of the Seasons - YouTube Since Persephone had consumed pomegranate seeds in the underworld, she was forced to spend four months, or in other versions six months for six seeds, with Hades. World History Encyclopedia. Strabo: There are references to Persephone, her myth, and her cult in the Geography, a late first-century BCE geographical treatise and an important source for many local Greek myths, institutions, and religious practices from antiquity. Pinax (sculpted votive tablet) from the temple of Persephone in Epizephyrian Locris showing Persephone, holding a cock and grain, sitting beside her husband Hades. Online version at the Topos Text Project.